Buddhism, a progressive philosophy expounded by a human is dedicated to elevating human spirituality and fostering harmonious societal interactions. At its core is the noble objective encapsulated in ‘Sabbe Saththa Bhavanthu Sukhithaththa’- an invocation for the perpetual happiness of all living beings, encompassing oneself, fellow humans, deities, and animals. This transcendent concept surpasses the Western notion of humanity, skillfully blending selfishness and altruism to establish a harmonious equilibrium between these seemingly disparate ideals.
Central to Buddhism is a resolute stance against the exploitation of nature, humans, and animals, recognizing these practices as profound threats to sustainability. Beyond individual spiritual enrichment, Buddhism extends its guiding principles to encompass economic, political, and societal advancement. Offering profound insights into the intricate fabric of business, Buddhism advocates for practices that promote holistic well-being and sustainable development. “Business consists of all activities involved in the production and distribution of goods and services for profit to satisfy consumer needs and wants (Willium G Zikmund, Dennis Middlemist and Melanie Middlemist. Business, the American challenge for global competitiveness 1995)
While some view businesses as large multinational corporations or expansive supermarket chains with a multitude of employees, it’s crucial to recognize the myriad small-scale entrepreneurs who contribute significantly to the economic landscape. From the street hawker to the bicycle-riding ice cream vendor and the local street food vendors, these individuals embody small-scale businessmen, and although their operations lack the complexity of larger enterprises, their impact on communities is profound.
Contrary to the notion that businesses solely comprise investors, managers, and workers, it’s essential to acknowledge the broader ecosystem. Society is a tapestry of farms, factories, banks, and transportation organizations-all integral components of the business landscape. Moreover, businesses extend beyond the internal structure, involving dynamic interactions with competitors, consumers, and shareholders, collectively shaping the intricate dynamics of commerce and trade.
The business world operates within a philosophical framework, even if the connection might not be immediately apparent. While some may question the need for philosophy in something as tangible as making bread, it’s essential to understand that philosophy is inherent in every aspect of business. “It is true that philosophy does not bake bread. But no bread is baked without philosophy.’’
A poignant example is found in Henry Ford’s perspective, the visionary behind one of the most renowned motor car companies in the post-industrial revolution era.
Ford, in emphasizing his approach, asserted, “I am producing a motor car for the masses, utilizing the finest materials and the best skills. This commitment to quality and modernity ensures that the product is not only technologically superior but also affordable for those with a decent income.” This statement underscores the fusion of business and philosophy, revealing that even in the seemingly straightforward act of creating a product, deeper philosophical considerations such as values, quality, and accessibility play a pivotal role in shaping business strategies. (Richard S Tedlow New and Improved The history of mass marketing in America 1990. New York. p. 120)
The philosophy guiding businesses experiences fluctuations across different eras, with emphasis shifting between aspects such as production, marketing, high quality, advanced technology, and social inclinations. While the facets of business may evolve, the core philosophy endures. Central to this enduring philosophy is the integration of ethics, an integral component of business philosophy. Ethical considerations are paramount in dealings with humans, and it is deemed inappropriate to adopt strategies lacking ethical foundations.
Given that business involves various human stakeholders- managers, employees, consumers, and shareholders- ethical activities and communication become vital. The success of a business is inherently tied to the ethical dynamics between these stakeholders. In this context, Buddhism, with its inherently human-centric principles, becomes a valuable guide for fostering ethical practices and harmonious interactions within the business realm.
It is crucial to underscore that Buddhism imparts a comprehensive philosophy for business, rooted in compassion towards all living beings. The ethical principles of Buddhism vehemently oppose the exploitation of nature, animals, and humans within the realm of business. Deceptive practices, especially in dealings with consumers, are strongly condemned.
The Dhammapada encapsulates this ethical stance, proclaiming, ”Na Ichchaiya Adhammena Samiddhimaththano,” translating to “Do not expect prosperity through unethical means” (Dhammapadha 84). Business practitioners are urged to refrain from using fraudulent measures, such as fake scales (Thula Kuta), fake utensils (Kanda Kuta), fake rulers (Mana Kuta), bribery and corruption (Ukkotana), deception (Vanchana), and the sale of duplicate goods (Nikathisa Viyoga). Moreover, Buddhism’s ethical guidelines extend to specific prohibitions, such as refraining from the sale of meat and weapons. These prohibitions underscore Buddhism’s reverence for the sanctity of life and its commitment to fostering ethical, compassionate, and sustainable business practices.
Business conducted by humans should refrain from inflicting pain or harm to any entity, particularly nature, which should be preserved and protected. The profound wisdom of Buddhism advocates for humans to live in harmonious coexistence with nature. According to the teachings of the Buddha, the accumulation of wealth is likened to a bee collecting honey from flowers. Bees, in their pursuit, do not harm the colour or fragrance of the flower while extracting nectar. In parallel, humans are encouraged to emulate this delicate and respectful approach, ensuring that their actions do not diminish the goodness, essence, and aesthetic beauty inherent in nature. (Lilly De Silva, One foot in the world. P. 30-31)
Since the traditional approach to business prioritized profit maximization, one may perceive that business success hinges solely on profit. While some perceive profit as the paramount goal, the contemporary business landscape recognises the vital role of ethics. In the modern world, ethical considerations are accorded significant importance, reshaping the narrative to assert that thriving businesses seamlessly integrate financial success with a commitment to ethical principles.
In the contemporary business landscape, beyond pursuing profit maximization, entrepreneurs are increasingly mindful of sustainability and the environmental impact of their ventures. A prime illustration is The Body Shop, as highlighted in a USA Today article from March 20, 1990. The Body Shop is fragrant and systematic. It has products like shampoos, skin tonics, foot cream, and soaps prominently displayed, proudly declaring their cruelty-free status ‘not tested on animals’. Emphasizing natural ingredients, the brand uses herbal components with historical roots in beautification practices.
Demonstrating a commitment to environmental responsibility, The Body Shop encourages the return of plastic bottles, offering a small reimbursement. Packaging reflects a dedication to sustainability, utilizing biodegradable bags. Notably, a portion of the profits contributes to a project safeguarding the Amazon rainforest, showcasing a holistic approach that aligns business success with ethical and eco-friendly practices.
The Body Shop, originating in the United States and expanding across Europe, exemplifies a business that transcends the conventional transaction of purchasing beauty products. Beyond offering quality hair and skincare items, The Body Shop embodies a commitment to social responsibility. Its customers not only acquire shampoo, face wash, and body wash but also align themselves with a brand that prioritizes ethical practices. This international enterprise serves as a compelling illustration that one can be both socially responsible and ethical in the realm of beauty products, with consumers demonstrating a willingness to invest in ethically produced items.
In the context of Buddhist principles, the concept of “Samma Ajiva,” advocating for conducting business with proper intentions, emerges. While this precept may pose challenges, particularly in a world where many activities run counter to Buddhist values, dedicated adherents are compelled to avoid engagements that contribute harm to society. Activities such as arms production, the sale of intoxicants, involvement in the killing of animals, and unethical business practices are viewed as incompatible with the ethical framework espoused by Buddhism. The religion, characterized by its compassionate outlook on human imperfections, does not condone narrow thinking. However, individuals committed to upholding Buddhist ethics find it incongruent to engage in business practices that deviate from ethical standards. (John Walton Mind Unshaken 1961 London P 47)
Buddhism unequivocally condemns unethical business ventures orchestrated by individuals devoid of sensitivity, as succinctly expressed in Dhammapadha 245: “Those who are adept at exploiting and invading the customer like a shameless crow and live their lives with easiness.” For an in-depth exploration of this subject, you may refer to the third chapter of “Economic Principles in Early Buddhism” by Dr. Dharmasena Hettiarachchi.
The potential peril lies in the hands of business leaders who, if devoid of responsibility and compassion for society and nature, may usher in destruction. Buddha’s wisdom warns against indiscriminate tree felling, emphasizing the interconnectedness of such actions with the well-being of humankind. Regrettably, this counsel often goes unheeded.
Consider the American consuming ham from a cow in the Amazon; each bite contributes to the loss of half a ton of rainforest. Despite the far-reaching consequences, such connections elude many. The question of why preserving a rainforest matters finds an answer in Martin Bramwell’s Book of Planet Earth, revealing the profound value even a small rainforest segment holds.
The richness of a small section of the Amazon rainforest is profound: 1,500 flowering plants, 750 large trees, 400 homes for birds, 150 butterfly varieties, 100 reptiles, 60 amphibians, and a staggering 42,000 insect species. This biodiversity stands as a compelling response to the dismissive question, “Who cares?”
In “The Buddha in Robot,” a Japanese robotics engineer challenges a self-centered worldview. The Avakansaka Sutra in Mahayana Buddhism echoes this sentiment: just as a gem resides in the tusk of the Indra elephant, we should recognize our existence mirrored in others’. Engaging in business solely for selfish and transient gains jeopardizes our very existence. The results of executing environmental responsibilities by those who came before us resonate today and we must bequeath the legacy for future generations.
Business leaders bear ethical responsibilities not only to society and the environment but also to their employees, a source of their organizational strength. The Singalovada Sutra emphasizes the significance of employees, urging a reverential approach. Rather than exploitation, ethical treatment involves 1.Thoughtful Labour Allocation 2. Sustenance and Fair Compensation 3. Comprehensive Healthcare Access 4. Considerate Treatment and Leave Policies
The Mahawansa highlights an exemplary workplace, specifically the Ruwanweliseya workplace, which adhered to the outlined principles. This workplace featured four restaurants catering to labourers, offering not only high-quality meals but also betel for their enjoyment. Besides daily sustenance, employees received salaries at the end of each month, embodying the principle of “Dvasikan Bhaththancha Masikan Paribbayan.”
Dr. Dharmasena Hettiarachchi, an advocate of this approach, asserts that Buddhist teachings emphasize the employer’s responsibility to care for the employee. Proper treatment of employees eliminates the potential for labour exploitation. In this context, the employer’s responsibility aligns with the rights of the employee. Fulfilling the employer’s duties automatically grants the rightful privileges of the employee. This dynamic between employer and employee, engaged in distinct tasks, is portrayed not as a one-sided, exploitative relationship, but rather as a harmonious partnership, as articulated by Dr. Hettiarachchi in his work “The Economic Philosophy in Early Buddhism” (1994), on pages 248-249.
To contribute to the betterment of humankind, businesses must transcend mere profit-seeking and establish an ethical foundation. Buddhism offers principles rooted in self-confidence, cooperation, and intelligence as pillars for ethical business conduct. A successful businessman, according to these principles, embodies qualities such as being Chakkuma (wise), Vidhura (perseverant), and Nissaya Sampanna (having a network of supportive friends). These values guide businesses towards a holistic and sustainable approach, emphasizing not only financial success but also the positive impact on individuals and society at large.
The Buddha’s counsel on business emphasizes restoration of what is lost (Nattan Gavesathi), renovation of the depreciated (Jiranan Patisankarothi), and the importance of maintaining an ethical board of directors (Silavanthan Iththanva Purisanva Adhipachche Tapethi). Adhering to these principles ensures that a business, guided by ethics and social responsibility, will flourish and gain popularity.
Summary
Buddhism, as a progressive philosophy expounded by the Buddha is dedicated to elevating human spirituality and fostering harmonious societal interactions. At its core is the noble objective encapsulated in ‘Sabbe Saththa Bhavanthu Sukhithaththa,’ an invocation for the perpetual happiness of all living beings. This transcendent concept surpasses Western notions of humanity, skillfully blending selfishness and altruism to establish a harmonious equilibrium between seemingly disparate ideals. Central to Buddhism is a resolute stance against the exploitation of nature, humans, and animals, recognizing these practices as profound threats to sustainability. Beyond individual spiritual enrichment, Buddhism extends its guiding principles to encompass economic, political, and societal advancement, advocating for holistic well-being and sustainable development in the business realm.
In the contemporary business landscape, ethical considerations are accorded significant importance, reshaping the narrative to assert that thriving businesses seamlessly integrate financial success with a commitment to ethical principles. Buddhism provides a comprehensive philosophy for business, rooted in compassion towards all living beings. Its ethical principles vehemently oppose the exploitation of nature, animals, and humans within the realm of business. Upholding ethical practices and fostering harmonious interactions, Buddhism becomes a valuable guide for businesses, emphasizing a holistic approach that aligns financial success with ethical and eco-friendly practices.
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